To date, researchers have now conceived a diverse variety of ideas about how the Standard Model could be altered to reproduce this important law. Among its most glaring discrepancies is the fact that it appears to be incompatible with EinsteinвЂ™s robust theory of General Relativity. Yet despite its success, physicists have known for some time that the model in its current form cannot be complete.

So far, the Standard Model has been an excellent basis for researchers to explain their observations, with experimental results rarely deviating far from theoretical calculations. These include: gravity, which acts between massive objects electromagnetism, which regulates interactions between charged particles via photons the strong nuclear force вЂ“ which acts between quarks via вЂgluonsвЂ™ and the weak nuclear force вЂ“ involving exchanges of вЂWвЂ™ and вЂZ bosonsвЂ™ characteristic of radioactive decay. In addition, the model describes four fundamental forces, which mediate all interactions between observable matter вЂ“ often via exchanges of particles named вЂbosonsвЂ™. Among the indivisible particles it describes are quarks вЂ“ which make up вЂhadronsвЂ™ including protons and neutrons and leptons вЂ“ which include electrons, and the far more elusive neutrinos. The Standard Model of particle physics has long provided physicists with a basis for understanding the basic structure of all observable matter in the universe. By combining the theories of Quantum Mechanics and Special or General Relativity, his theories could prove to transform the way we view the universe on the smallest of scales. Now, Professor Costas Vayenas at the University of Patras in Greece believes that the problem could be solved through the вЂRotating Lepton ModelвЂ™ вЂ“ in which particles named neutrinos rotate at close to the speed of light. So far, however, no conclusive theories have emerged to propose more suitable alternatives. For decades, physicists have known that their descriptions of the universeвЂ™s fundamental building blocks have been incomplete.

Lepton spin